Industrial Microorganisms and Their Products
Industrial Microbiology
Industrial microbiology uses microorganisms, typically grown on a large scale to produce
Use for commercial products or to carry out chemical transformations.
Biocatalysis
Biocatalysis: The actual reactions carried out by microorganisms in industrial microbiology
Biotransformation: Chemical alteration of a substance by the action of enzymes.
Commodity chemicals are inexpensive chemicals produced in bulk, including ethanol, citric acid, and many others.
Characteristics of Industrial Organisms
An industrial microorganism must produce the product of interest in high yield
Grow rapidly on inexpensive culture media available in bulk quantities
Be amenable (Susceptible or open) to genetic manipulation
Be nonpathogenic.
Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and
Secondary metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase .
Characteristics of Large-Scale Fermentations
Large-scale industrial fermentation presents several engineering problems.
Aerobic processes require mechanisms for stirring and aeration.
The microbial process must be continuously monitored to ensure satisfactory yields of the desired product
Industrial fermentors can be divided into two major classes, those for anaerobic processes and those for aerobic processes
Fermentation Scale-Up
Fermentation scale-up is the process of gradually converting a useful industrial fermentation from laboratory scale to production scale. Aeration is a particularly critical aspect to monitor during scale-up studies.
Lab to Pilot studies to Manufacture
Fermentation Scale-Up
Fermentation scale-up: the process of gradually converting a useful industrial fermentation from laboratory scale to production scale.
Aeration: a particularly critical aspect to monitor during scale-up studies.
Natural Penicillins: the penicillin fermentation carried out without addition of side-chain precursors
Biosynthetic Penicillin: The addition to the broth of a side-chain precursor so that only one desired penicillin is produced.
Semisynthetic Penicillin: combined fermentation and chemical approach
Secondary Metabolites
Industrial Products
Extremozymes
Exoenzymes: extracellular enzymes which can digest insoluble polymers such as cellulose, protein, and starch.
The products of digestion are then transported into the cell where they are used as nutrients for growth.
Extremozymes
Extremozyme: enzymes that function at some environmental extreme, such as high temperatures or low pH.
Enzymes from extremophiles are desirable for biocatalyses under extreme conditions.
Alcohol
Alcoholic beverages are produced by yeast from the fermentation of sugar to ethyl alcohol and CO2.
Wine is produced from grape juice
beer from fermentation of malted grain (brewing)
distilled beverages from the distillation of fermented solutions.
Vinegar Production
The active ingredient in vinegar is acetic acid, which is produced by acetic acid bacteria oxidizing an alcohol-containing fruit juice
Citric Acid and Other Organic Compounds
A number of organic chemicals are produced commercially by use of microorganisms, of which the most important economically is citric acid, produced by Aspergillus niger
Yeast as a Food and Food Supplement
Yeast cells are grown for use in the baking and food industries
Commercial yeast is produced in large-scale aerated fermentors using molasses as the main carbon and energy source
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