Sunday, May 10, 2009
Friday, May 1, 2009
Chapters 34-35-disease transmission
Transmission of Diseases
Chapter 34
Organisms Disease(s)
Strep Strep throat, Rheumatic Fever, Toxic Shock, Scarlet Fever
Corynebacterium Diphtheria
Bordetella Whooping Cough
Mycobacterium TB and Leprosy
Neisseria Gonorrhea and Meningitis
Virus Measles
Virus Mumps
Rubella German Measles
Varicella Chickenpox/Shingles
Rhinovirus, Coronovirus Colds
Influenza Flu
Staphylococcus Skin Infections, Toxic Shock, Food-borne illness,
Helicobacter Ulcers
Hepatitis A-E
Gonorrhea STI
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
Chlamydia STI and Blindness
Herpes STI and Cold Sores
Trichomonas STI
HIV STI
Chapter 35
Rabies Zoonosis
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Rickettsia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Typhus
Ehrlichia Ehrlichiosis
Borrelia Lyme Disease
West Nile Meningitis, systemic infection
Yersinia pestis Plague
Fungi Table in book
Clostridium tetanus Tetanus
Group A Streptococcal Diseases
Pharyngitis (“strep throat”)-inflammation of the pharynx
Scarlet fever-rash that begins on the chest and spreads across the body
Pyoderma-confined, pus-producing lesion that usually occurs on the face, arms, or legs
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome-bacteremia and severe multisystem infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive cocci in pairs
Alpha-hemolytic colonies when grown on blood agar (anaerobic incubation produces beta-hemolytic colonies)
Can be carried in nasopharynx but can cause disease if travels to the lungs, blood or CNS
Disease is highest in children and the elderly
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the cause of diphtheria, is the most widely known
Transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact
Diphtheria toxin is responsible for the signs and symptoms of diphtheria
Bordetella and Whooping Cough
Inadequately immunized children are at high risk for acquiring pertussis.
Adult Carriers
Mycobacterium
Cell wall contains waxy lipid -mycolic acid
This cell wall results in unique characteristics
Slow growth
Protection from lysis once the bacteria are phagocytized
Capacity for intracellular growth
Resistance to Gram-staining, detergents, many antimicrobial drugs, and dessication
Cellular immune response
3 main mycobacterial diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Opportunistic infections in AIDS patients
Tuberculosis (TB)
Respiratory disease cause by M. tuberculosis
Virulent strains of M.tuberculosis contain the cell wall component, cord factor, necessary for disease
3 types of tuberculosis
Primary TB
Results from the initial infection with M.tuberculosis
Secondary TB
Reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancy
Disseminated TB
Results when the infection spreads throughout the body
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Diagnosis
Tuberculin skin test identifies individuals with previous exposure to M. tuberculosis by the presence of a hard, red swelling at the test site
Chest x-rays are used to identify individuals with active disease
Isolation of organism from specimen and ID.
Treatment
Treatment: special anti-mycobacterial drugs.
Combination therapy must be used for a number of months to treat the disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Cause of Gonorrhea
Can adhere to mucous membrane epithelial cells lining genital, urinary, and digestive tracts. Area of infection: age dependent
Gonorrhea in men
Usually symptomatic producing inflammation that causes painful urination and pus-filled discharge
Gonorrhea in women
Often asymptomatic
Can infect the cervix, parts of the uterus, and fallopian tubes
Can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Can result in ectopic pregnancy or sterility
Viruses and Respiratory Infections
The common childhood viral diseases:
measles
mumps
rubella
chickenpox
controllable with appropriate immunization.
Antigenic Shift
Occurs when major changes in antigens occur due to gene reassortment in influenza virus.
Antigenic drift
Occurs when minor changes in antigens occur due to gene mutation in influenza virus.
Staphylococcal Diseases
Noninvasive Disease
Food poisoning from the ingestion of enterotoxin-contaminated food
Cutaneous Disease
Various skin conditions including scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles
Systemic Disease
Toxic shock syndrome-TSS toxin is absorbed into the blood and causes shock
Bacteremia-presence of bacteria in the blood
Endocarditis- bacteria attack the lining of the heart
Pneumonia-inflammation of the lungs-alveoli and bronchioles become filled with fluid
Osteomyelitis-inflammation of the bone marrow and the surrounding bone
Helicobacter pylori
Slightly helical, highly motile bacterium that colonizes the stomach of its hosts
Causes most (if not all) peptic ulcers
H.pylori produces numerous virulence factors that enable it to colonize the stomach
Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis caused by viruses can cause cirrhosis, an acute liver disease.
Symptoms include fever and jaundice (production and release of excess bilirubin by the liver due to destruction of liver cells, resulting in yellowing of the skin),
STIs
Gonorrhea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis: Treponema pallidum
During pregnancy, syphilis can be transmitted from an infected woman to the fetus; the disease acquired by the infant is called congenital syphilis
Chlamydia
Chlamydia, the most prevalent STI, is caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
Untreated chlamydial urethritis causes serious complications in males and females.
Blindness due to Chlamydia trachomatis
Herpes
Herpes lesions can also be transmitted sexually and are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2.
HSV-2 is generally associated with sexual transmission and infection of the anogenital regions.
Genital herpes infections are presently incurable
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan responsible for trichomoniasis, another STI.
Zoonosis
Zoonosis: an animal disease transmissible to humans, generally by direct contact, aerosols, or bites.
Rabies occurs primarily in the U.S.
Rabies can be transmitted from the wild animal reservoir to domestic animals or, very rarely, to humans
Bats are the source of most cases of rabies Transmission: Break in the skin or inhalation
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hantaviruses occur worldwide in rodent populations and
Cause serious diseases such as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) when accidentally spread to humans.
In the U S, not recognized until 1993.
Rickettsias
Rickettsias are obligate intracellular parasitic Bacteria that are transmitted by arthropods.
Rickettsias cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals, of which the most important are typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis.
Controlled by antibiotic therapy
Borrelia
Gram-negative spirochetes
Cause two diseases in humans
Lyme disease
Relapsing fever
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent
Bacteria are transmitted to humans via a tick bite
Hard ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors of Lyme disease
The tick life cycle is important in understanding the spread of Lyme disease
Malaria
Malaria is a widespread, mosquito-borne disease occurring in tropical and subtropical regions.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but reduces the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin.
Thalasemia is a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but alters a red blood cell enzyme
West Nile fever
The disease involves infections of birds by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Humans and other vertebrates are occasional terminal hosts.
Most human infections are asymptomatic, but diagnosed infections can cause up to 3% mortality due to encephalitis and meningitis.
Plague
Plague is confined to individuals who come into contact with rodent populations that are endemic reservoirs for Yersinia pestis.
A systemic infection or a pneumonic infection leads to rapid death, but the bubonic form is treatable with antibiotics if rapidly diagnosed.
Mycoses
A variety of soilborne fungi produce disease in humans. Categories:
Superficial
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Fungal infections cause serious systemic disease in immunocompromised patients.
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani is a ubiquitous soilborne microorganism that can cause tetanus, a disease characterized by toxin production and rigid paralysis.
Tetanus is preventable with appropriate immunization
Chapter 34
Organisms Disease(s)
Strep Strep throat, Rheumatic Fever, Toxic Shock, Scarlet Fever
Corynebacterium Diphtheria
Bordetella Whooping Cough
Mycobacterium TB and Leprosy
Neisseria Gonorrhea and Meningitis
Virus Measles
Virus Mumps
Rubella German Measles
Varicella Chickenpox/Shingles
Rhinovirus, Coronovirus Colds
Influenza Flu
Staphylococcus Skin Infections, Toxic Shock, Food-borne illness,
Helicobacter Ulcers
Hepatitis A-E
Gonorrhea STI
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
Chlamydia STI and Blindness
Herpes STI and Cold Sores
Trichomonas STI
HIV STI
Chapter 35
Rabies Zoonosis
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Rickettsia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Typhus
Ehrlichia Ehrlichiosis
Borrelia Lyme Disease
West Nile Meningitis, systemic infection
Yersinia pestis Plague
Fungi Table in book
Clostridium tetanus Tetanus
Group A Streptococcal Diseases
Pharyngitis (“strep throat”)-inflammation of the pharynx
Scarlet fever-rash that begins on the chest and spreads across the body
Pyoderma-confined, pus-producing lesion that usually occurs on the face, arms, or legs
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome-bacteremia and severe multisystem infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive cocci in pairs
Alpha-hemolytic colonies when grown on blood agar (anaerobic incubation produces beta-hemolytic colonies)
Can be carried in nasopharynx but can cause disease if travels to the lungs, blood or CNS
Disease is highest in children and the elderly
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the cause of diphtheria, is the most widely known
Transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact
Diphtheria toxin is responsible for the signs and symptoms of diphtheria
Bordetella and Whooping Cough
Inadequately immunized children are at high risk for acquiring pertussis.
Adult Carriers
Mycobacterium
Cell wall contains waxy lipid -mycolic acid
This cell wall results in unique characteristics
Slow growth
Protection from lysis once the bacteria are phagocytized
Capacity for intracellular growth
Resistance to Gram-staining, detergents, many antimicrobial drugs, and dessication
Cellular immune response
3 main mycobacterial diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Opportunistic infections in AIDS patients
Tuberculosis (TB)
Respiratory disease cause by M. tuberculosis
Virulent strains of M.tuberculosis contain the cell wall component, cord factor, necessary for disease
3 types of tuberculosis
Primary TB
Results from the initial infection with M.tuberculosis
Secondary TB
Reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancy
Disseminated TB
Results when the infection spreads throughout the body
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Diagnosis
Tuberculin skin test identifies individuals with previous exposure to M. tuberculosis by the presence of a hard, red swelling at the test site
Chest x-rays are used to identify individuals with active disease
Isolation of organism from specimen and ID.
Treatment
Treatment: special anti-mycobacterial drugs.
Combination therapy must be used for a number of months to treat the disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Cause of Gonorrhea
Can adhere to mucous membrane epithelial cells lining genital, urinary, and digestive tracts. Area of infection: age dependent
Gonorrhea in men
Usually symptomatic producing inflammation that causes painful urination and pus-filled discharge
Gonorrhea in women
Often asymptomatic
Can infect the cervix, parts of the uterus, and fallopian tubes
Can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Can result in ectopic pregnancy or sterility
Viruses and Respiratory Infections
The common childhood viral diseases:
measles
mumps
rubella
chickenpox
controllable with appropriate immunization.
Antigenic Shift
Occurs when major changes in antigens occur due to gene reassortment in influenza virus.
Antigenic drift
Occurs when minor changes in antigens occur due to gene mutation in influenza virus.
Staphylococcal Diseases
Noninvasive Disease
Food poisoning from the ingestion of enterotoxin-contaminated food
Cutaneous Disease
Various skin conditions including scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles
Systemic Disease
Toxic shock syndrome-TSS toxin is absorbed into the blood and causes shock
Bacteremia-presence of bacteria in the blood
Endocarditis- bacteria attack the lining of the heart
Pneumonia-inflammation of the lungs-alveoli and bronchioles become filled with fluid
Osteomyelitis-inflammation of the bone marrow and the surrounding bone
Helicobacter pylori
Slightly helical, highly motile bacterium that colonizes the stomach of its hosts
Causes most (if not all) peptic ulcers
H.pylori produces numerous virulence factors that enable it to colonize the stomach
Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis caused by viruses can cause cirrhosis, an acute liver disease.
Symptoms include fever and jaundice (production and release of excess bilirubin by the liver due to destruction of liver cells, resulting in yellowing of the skin),
STIs
Gonorrhea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis: Treponema pallidum
During pregnancy, syphilis can be transmitted from an infected woman to the fetus; the disease acquired by the infant is called congenital syphilis
Chlamydia
Chlamydia, the most prevalent STI, is caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
Untreated chlamydial urethritis causes serious complications in males and females.
Blindness due to Chlamydia trachomatis
Herpes
Herpes lesions can also be transmitted sexually and are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2.
HSV-2 is generally associated with sexual transmission and infection of the anogenital regions.
Genital herpes infections are presently incurable
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan responsible for trichomoniasis, another STI.
Zoonosis
Zoonosis: an animal disease transmissible to humans, generally by direct contact, aerosols, or bites.
Rabies occurs primarily in the U.S.
Rabies can be transmitted from the wild animal reservoir to domestic animals or, very rarely, to humans
Bats are the source of most cases of rabies Transmission: Break in the skin or inhalation
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hantaviruses occur worldwide in rodent populations and
Cause serious diseases such as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) when accidentally spread to humans.
In the U S, not recognized until 1993.
Rickettsias
Rickettsias are obligate intracellular parasitic Bacteria that are transmitted by arthropods.
Rickettsias cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals, of which the most important are typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis.
Controlled by antibiotic therapy
Borrelia
Gram-negative spirochetes
Cause two diseases in humans
Lyme disease
Relapsing fever
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent
Bacteria are transmitted to humans via a tick bite
Hard ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors of Lyme disease
The tick life cycle is important in understanding the spread of Lyme disease
Malaria
Malaria is a widespread, mosquito-borne disease occurring in tropical and subtropical regions.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but reduces the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin.
Thalasemia is a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria but alters a red blood cell enzyme
West Nile fever
The disease involves infections of birds by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Humans and other vertebrates are occasional terminal hosts.
Most human infections are asymptomatic, but diagnosed infections can cause up to 3% mortality due to encephalitis and meningitis.
Plague
Plague is confined to individuals who come into contact with rodent populations that are endemic reservoirs for Yersinia pestis.
A systemic infection or a pneumonic infection leads to rapid death, but the bubonic form is treatable with antibiotics if rapidly diagnosed.
Mycoses
A variety of soilborne fungi produce disease in humans. Categories:
Superficial
Subcutaneous
Systemic
Fungal infections cause serious systemic disease in immunocompromised patients.
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani is a ubiquitous soilborne microorganism that can cause tetanus, a disease characterized by toxin production and rigid paralysis.
Tetanus is preventable with appropriate immunization
lab exam 3 review-lecture and lab exam May 12
Read the explanatory sections of your lab manual for each experiment performed since lab exam 2.
1. Know what TSI agar is and the reactions
2. Know what PEA and EMB agars are and do.
3. Know what happens during a carbohydrate fermentation reaction.
4. Know what Mannitol Salt agar and Enterococcosel agar are and do.
5. Know what a differential and/or selective medium is. Be able to categorize the agar you used in lab as differential or selective or both.
6. Know what a durham tube is and does.
7. Know the three types of hemolytic reactions on Blood agar.
8. Know the parts of a mould as listed in your lab manual. What is the agar used for mould growth? How does it work.
9. Know the reactions of the tubes/agars plates you set up for your unknowns-citrate, urea, TSI etc.
10. Know the purpose of food and water testing in microbiology. What are you looking for? What is important?
11. How do you work up an unknown organism?
1. Know what TSI agar is and the reactions
2. Know what PEA and EMB agars are and do.
3. Know what happens during a carbohydrate fermentation reaction.
4. Know what Mannitol Salt agar and Enterococcosel agar are and do.
5. Know what a differential and/or selective medium is. Be able to categorize the agar you used in lab as differential or selective or both.
6. Know what a durham tube is and does.
7. Know the three types of hemolytic reactions on Blood agar.
8. Know the parts of a mould as listed in your lab manual. What is the agar used for mould growth? How does it work.
9. Know the reactions of the tubes/agars plates you set up for your unknowns-citrate, urea, TSI etc.
10. Know the purpose of food and water testing in microbiology. What are you looking for? What is important?
11. How do you work up an unknown organism?
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